World Conference on
Bacteriology and Infectious Diseases

Biography:

As a pioneer of Bacteriophage Therapy research in India, he has demonstrated that MDR/PDR bacteria can be treated by this alternative approach. He has conducted human trials on role of bacteriophages in wound healing. He has organized the “International Conference on Bacteriophages in River Ganga” and also founded the “Bacteriophage Society of India”. For the first time, he and his collaborators at NKI, Netherland established that Salmonella Typhi infection induces malignant transformations. He has published articles in journals like Lancet, Cell and Journal of Bacteriology. He had been at the editorial board of World J Gastroenterology. He has been one of the Judges of prestigious International King Faisal award in 2015. His efforts in bacteriophage therapy has led to visible transformation in the treatment of infectious diseases.

Abstract:

Phage therapy has the potential to be one of the alternatives / complements to antimicrobials. In the past, this approach was not found satisfactory because it was used empirically and with poorly characterized phages. In addition, the clinical applications often stuck in various regulatory circles. Therefore, well characterized bacteriophages using Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) are required for scientific and medicolegal reasons. S. aureus is the commonest (72%) etiological agent implicated in osteomyelitis a clinical condition notoriously known for its chronicity due to poor vascular perfusion, variation in tissue pH and oxidative microenvironment apart from presence of biofilm and sequestrum. We have developed and treated for acute and chronic osteomyelitis in rabbit by using bacteriophage cocktail. Twenty rabbits were included in the study. They were divided into control A (n=4), control B (n=4) and experimental group (n=12). Osteomyelitis was created in all the rabbits. No treatment was given to control A group rabbits. Experimental group rabbits were treated with 4 doses of cocktail of five virulent bacteriophages at the interval of 48 h in the 3^rd week of infection. Control B group rabbits were also given 4 dose of phage cocktail in 6^th week. Comparison between three groups was done on the basis of observation of clinical, radiological, microbiological, and histopathological examination.

Total duration for observation was 7 weeks. Experimental group rabbits recovered well from the illness in the next two weeks of the therapy. Appetite and activity of the rabbits improved, local oedema, erythema and induration subsided. There were minimal changes associated with osteomyelitis in X-ray and histopathology also showed no signs of infection with new bone formation. Control B group rabbits also recovered well from infection. Local bacteriophage therapy is very effective treatment option for chronic osteomyelitis caused even by MDR S. aureus.

Biography:

Ogbeba Jeremiah is a lecturer with Federal Polytechnic Bauchi, Nigeria. He holds an MSc in Medical microbiology from Abubakar Tafawa Balewa university Bauchi, Nigeria. He has interest in antimicrobial properties of plants against pathogenic bacteria and looks forward to study further in such fields as well as oral microbiology.

Abstract:

Finger millet in northern Nigeria was subjected to phytochemical screening using standard procedures. The agar well method was used to test the antibacterial activities of methanolic and aqeous (combined) extracts of the grain on Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. The result of the antimicrobial activity as indicated by zone of inhibition ranged from 1-8mm for different extract concentrations. The finger millet extract showed zones of inhibition of 8mm against Pseudomonas aeruginosa at a concentration of 100mg/ml, 3mm at 50mg/ml and 2mm at 25mg/ml concentrations. The inhibition zones of Escherichia coli at extract concentrations of 100mg/ml,50mg/ml,25mg/ml, 12.25mg/ml and 6.125mg/ml were 4mm, 3mm, 3mm, 6mm and 1mm respectively, and for Staphylococcus aureus were 5mm,2mm, 1mm at 100mg/ml, 50mg/ml and 12.25mg/ml respectively. The zones of inhibition against all the tested isolates at 100mg/ml was not significantly different from those of 50mg/ml (p=0.160), 25mg/ml (p=0.067) and 12.5mg/ml (p=0.160), but significantly higher than 6.125mg/ml (p=0.05). The results further showed that E. coli, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa did not differ significantly in their susceptibility to the varying concentrations of the plant extract (p=0.229). Although S. aureus and S. typhi also did not differ significantly in their susceptibility to the varying concentrations of the extract (p=0.157), but susceptibility by S. typhi was significantly lower than those of E. coli (p=0.007) and P. aeruginosa (p=0.015). The qualitative phytochemical analysis indicated the presence tannin/phenol, flavonoids, alkaloid, saponin, glycosides, terpenoid and steroids in finger millet. The proximate analysis revealed the moisture (9.98%), ash (2.81%), protein (1.45%), fat (1.67%), carbohydrate (78.08%) and energy contents (357.18kcal). The quantitative phytochemical revealed total phenolic content (6.57 mg/100g) and total flavonoid content (0.224 mg/100g). The overall results indicate that finger millet are potent antimicrobial preparations at least invitro and also have high nutritional value.

Biography:

Smeet Jyoti Kalita currently working as a Medical Superintendent at Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Hospital, Guwahati, Assam, India, he is an Indian Medical Microbiologist & Researcher. He did his Medical Graduation from Sikkim Manipal University, Sikkim, India followed by his Post Graduation in Medical Microbiology from the prestigious Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. He also holds a MBA degree in Healthcare Management & a fellowship in Diabetes.

He has presented an Oral Presentation on TB & Gene X-pert in the MICROCON, 2017 at Bellary, Karnataka and conducted a study for the same at Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka on Tuberculosis & its diagnosis.

Abstract:

INTRODUCTION:

Tuberculosis is a transmissible infection caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis (mtb) & is still one of the biggest challenges for developing countries.

India bears the highest tb burden in the world. India accounts for 2.2 million cases of tb annually of the 9 million cases reported globally.

Emergence of drug resistance is a major hurdle in tb control. The common reasons for the development of drug resistance include incorrect prescription, irregular supply of drugs, non compliance of treatment, and lack of follow up. Multidrug resistant tb (mdr-tb) is more difficult to treat. The rate of mdr tb in india is 2.1%.

There are a number of tests available for the diagnosis of tuberculosis but conventional microscopy has low sensitivity. Culture, although the gold standard, takes longer time for positivity. Nucleic acid amplification techniques due to its rapidity & sensitivity help in early diagnosis and management of tuberculosis and thereby curtails the transmission of the disease.

RESULTS:

In our study, 66(70.21%) were males & 28(29.79%) were females.

Out of total 94 samples, 58 samples were bal fluid (61.70%), sputum sample of 26 (27.66%), followed by others like pleural fluid, etc of 12(12.77%) in number.

 of the 94 mtb suspected samples, 25 samples came out to be mtb positive by gene expert; 8 were positive by conventional zn staining microscopy, 9 were positive with fluorescent microscopy (auramine staining) and 10 showed afb culture positivity (growth in lj media).

The sensitivity of zn staining against afb culture was 77.8%

The sensitivity of gene xpert versus afb culture was 90%, specificity was 81%, ppv was 36% and npv was 98%.

Two patient samples showed atypical mycobacteria in afb culture.

CONCLUSION:

Gene expert & afb smear microscopy share almost same specificity but sensitivity of gene expert is much higher than afb smear microscopy in respiratory samples. Although culture is considered as a gold standard method but it takes days to come positive & simultaneous detection of rifampicin resistance is not possible with it. On the other side, gene expert can be a useful diagnostic method in patients of suspected pulmonary tuberculosis either afb smear negative or positive due to its rapidity & simultaneous detection of rifampicin resistance especially benificial in patient with mdr & hiv associated tuberculosis. Cost effectiveness of gene expert in developing countries like India with high prevalence of tuberculosis need to be done.

Biography:

Alan Kleinman, (MD, doctor of medicine and PhD, doctor of Mechanical Engineering, licensed in both fields) is a primary care physician. Before his interest in medicine, he worked in aerospace engineering on the Space Shuttle and taught mechanical engineering  at California State University Los Angeles. He got his BS, MS and PhD degrees in Mechanical Engineering at the University of California, Santa Barbara, BS in Advanced Biological Science from Touro College, New York, and the MD degree from the American University of the Caribbean.  Drug-resistance had been an increasing problem in his medical practice. He started research on this problem which led to the publication of three papers on drug-resistance, "The basic science and mathematics of random mutation and natural selection", "Random Recombination and evolution of drug resistance", and "The Mathematics of Random Mutation and Natural Selection for Multiple Simultaneous Selection Pressures" published in the Journal "Statistics in Medicine".

Abstract:

Statement of the Problem: Antimicrobial drug resistance has been and continues to be a problem in the treatment of infectious diseases. Any strategy to alleviate this problem needs to be based on a good understanding of how this process occurs. This process of drug resistance occurs by a process of random mutation and natural selection. Methodology & Theoretical Orientation: Random mutation and natural selection is a stochastic process (mutations) intertwined with an adaptive process (natural selection) which changes the number and frequencies of variant in populations. Using the principles of probability theory, the physics and mathematics of the random mutation and natural selection phenomenon is explained. Findings: Random mutation and natural selection operates in a cycle of beneficial mutation followed by amplification (increase in number) of that mutation in order to improve the probability of the next beneficial mutation to occur. Conclusion & Significance: The key to preventing drug resistant infections is by disrupting this cycle of beneficial mutation followed by amplification of that mutation cycle. This is done by forcing the bacterial population to take a more complex evolutionary trajectory by using multiple drugs which target different metabolic pathways.

Biography:

Amsalu Bekele Binegdie is an Associate professor   & Consultant Pulmonologist at Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia. His Research Interest is on Tuberculosis and Interaction between TB and chronic lung diseases. He publish several articles on reputable journals on different topics.

Abstract:

Introduction:  Daily adjunctive therapy with vitamin D3 and phenylbutyrate supports clinical recovery from pulmonary tuberculosis: Objective. Immunotherapy using vitamin D (vitD3) and phenylbutyrate (PBA) may support standard drug regimens used to treat infectious diseases. We investigated if vitD3+PBA enhanced clinical recovery from pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). Methods. A randomized controlled trial was conducted in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Patients with smear-positive or smear-negative TB received daily oral supplementation with 5000 IU vitD3 and 29500 mg PBA or placebo for 16 weeks, together with 6-month chemotherapy. Primary end-point: reduction of a clinical composite TB score at week 8 compared with baseline using modified intention to-treat (mITT,n=348) and per-protocol (n=296) analyses. Secondary end-points: primary and modified TB scores (week 0, 4, 8, 16, 24), sputum conversion, radiological findings and plasma 25(OH)D3 concentrations. Results. Most subjects had low baseline plasma 25 (OH)D3 levels that increased gradually in the vitD3+PBA group compared with placebo (P<0.0001) from week 0 to 16 (mean 34.7 vs. 127.4 nmol L1). In the adjusted mITT analysis, the primary TB score was significantly reduced in the intervention group at week 8 (0.52, 95% CI0.93,0.10;P=0.015) while the modified TB score was reduced at week 8 (0.58, 95% CI1.02,0.14;P=0.01) and 16 (0.34, 95% CI0.64,0.03; P=0.03). VitD3+PBA had no effect on longitudinal sputum-smear conversion (P=0.98).Clinical adverse events were more common in the placebo group (24.3%) compared with the vitD3+PBA group (12.6%). Conclusion. Daily supplementation with vitD3+PBA may ameliorate clinical TB symptoms and disease specific complications, while the intervention had no effect on bacterial clearance in sputum.

Biography:

Gopal Nath as a pioneer of Bacteriophage Therapy research in India, he has demonstrated that MDR/PDR bacteria can be treated by this alternative approach. He has conducted human trials on role of bacteriophages in wound healing. He has organized the “International Conference on Bacteriophages in River Ganga” and also founded the “Bacteriophage Society of India”. For the first time, he and his collaborators at NKI, Netherland established that Salmonella Typhi infection induces malignant transformations. He has published articles in journals like Lancet, Cell and Journal of Bacteriology. He had been at the editorial board of World J Gastroenterology. He has been one of the Judges of prestigious International King Faisal award in 2015. His efforts in bacteriophage therapy has led to visible transformation in the treatment of infectious diseases.

Abstract:

Phage therapy has the potential to be one of the alternatives / complements to antimicrobials. In the past, this approach was not found satisfactory because it was used empirically and with poorly characterized phages. In addition, the clinical applications often stuck in various regulatory circles. Therefore, well characterized bacteriophages using Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) are required for scientific and medicolegal reasons. S. aureus is the commonest (72%) etiological agent implicated in osteomyelitis a clinical condition notoriously known for its chronicity due to poor vascular perfusion, variation in tissue pH and oxidative microenvironment apart from presence of biofilm and sequestrum. We have developed and treated for acute and chronic osteomyelitis in rabbit by using bacteriophage cocktail. Twenty rabbits were included in the study. They were divided into control A (n=4), control B (n=4) and experimental group (n=12). Osteomyelitis was created in all the rabbits. No treatment was given to control A group rabbits. Experimental group rabbits were treated with 4 doses of cocktail of five virulent bacteriophages at the interval of 48 h in the 3^rd week of infection. Control B group rabbits were also given 4 dose of phage cocktail in 6^th week. Comparison between three groups was done on the basis of observation of clinical, radiological, microbiological, and histopathological examination.

Total duration for observation was 7 weeks. Experimental group rabbits recovered well from the illness in the next two weeks of the therapy. Appetite and activity of the rabbits improved, local oedema, erythema and induration subsided. There were minimal changes associated with osteomyelitis in X-ray and histopathology also showed no signs of infection with new bone formation. Control B group rabbits also recovered well from infection. Local bacteriophage therapy is very effective treatment option for chronic osteomyelitis caused even by MDR S. aureus.

Biography:

Abstract:

Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) Virus is a contagious animal disease that causes irreparable damage to the economy of a country, including Iran where the disease is native in that. Among the ways to combat against FMD is vaccination and slaughter. Because of the specific situation of Iran, it is not possible to kill infected animals. Therefore, the most important way to fight the disease is to vaccinate. The methods used to evaluate the safety and determine the titer of antibody in a serum are mainly SNT and ELISA. In this research, designing an indirect ELISA test based on coating of complete particle of viral 140_S particle makes it possible to determine antibody and following that determining serotype and viral type without need for time-consuming and complex molecular tasks, including gene expression. In addition, in the event of a new epidemic, a new epidemic condition can be detected by using serum antibody method.

However, coating complete viral particle leads us to need virus purification as well as the anti-immunoglobulin conjugate antibody testing of the same animal. In this study, SNT test was used as a Gold Test to determine the serum antibody level and comparing its results with indirect ELISA method to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the indirect ELISA test for measuring the anti-virus antibody rate of type (A2013&O2010) FMD through ROC analysis with 100% sensitivity and the specificity of 90% sensitivity using routine formulas with 100 % sensitivity and specificity of 82%.

In this study, considering Cut off OD = 0.3, there was a significant difference between the vaccinated animals and the unvaccinated animals in terms of antibody level against the A2013and O2010 type. This indicates the correctness of the test and the accurate and proportional antibody detection against the under study viral types of FMD.

Biography:

Abstract:

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is the single most important cause of death from an infectious disease in Zimbabwe, whose eradication is dependent on the identification of all infected patients and their subsequent commencement on treatment. Diagnosed patients who do not initiate treatment facilitate onward transmission of the infection. This study quantified and assessed risk factors for loss to follow up (LTFU) and delays before treatment initiation among bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary TB patients.

Methods: A cohort study was conducted using routinely collected programme data from Bulawayo city, Zimbabwe. Diagnosed patients were identified from the laboratory register for 2012-2016, tracked for treatment initiation in the City’s TB registers and missing entries ascertained their outcomes in presumptive TB registers at respective clinics. We defined pre-treatment LTFU as diagnosed patients who did not initiate treatment within 90 days and pre-treatment deaths. Multivariable analysis was used to identify risk factors for pre-treatment LTFU and delays.

Results: Out of 2,443 identified records, one in five patients (20.8%,n=508) were lost to follow-up, including pre-treatment deaths (10.3%). Above 65 year olds (a RR=2.71,95%CI;2.12,3.47), male gender (aRR=1.21,95%CI;1.04,1.41), HIV positivity (aRR=1.26,95%CI;1.02,1.56) or Unknown HIV status (aRR=4.78,95%CI; 3.80,6.00) were independent risk factors for pre-treatment LTFU. Delay between testing and dispatch of results by ≥ 3 days (aRR=1.42, 95%CI;1.09,1.85), was an independent risk factors for pre-treatnment death in addition to the above. Among registered patients, (n=1,935), the mean (SD) delay from diagnosis to treatment initiation was 29.1 (21.6) days. Independent risk factors for treatment delay were new TB type (β=13.5,95%CI;11.5,15.4) and the delay decreased between 2013 (β=-8.8,95%CI;-11.5,-6.1) and 2016 (β=-18.6, 95%CI;-21.7,-15.6).

Conclusions: High loss to follow-up, deaths and delay of TB treatment initiation observed in this study is cause for concern. Enhancing active case finding, patient tracking from diagnosis to treatment initiation and point of care diagnosis were mitigatory strategies identified for risk factors for pre-treatment LTFU/death and delay.  

Biography:

A practicing physician in the field of healthcare in the state of Kerala in India for the last30 years and very much interested in basic research. My interest is spread across the fever , inflammation and  back pain,. I am a writer. I already printed and published nine books in these subjects. I wrote hundreds of articles in various magazines.

Abstract:

According to the facts of physics, if temperature increases, thermal expansion of an object is positive it will expand and with decrease of temperature it will shrink. Pressure will increase due to increase of temperature.

On the contrary, during fever we can see blood vessels and skin are shrunk, pressure decreases, body shivers,   sleep increases, motion decreases, inflammation increases,   body pain increases, blood circulation decreases, dislike cold substances etc...

In fever, the firing rate of Warm sensitive neurons decreases, and the firing rate of Cold sensitive neurons increases.

At the same time if we apply hotness from outside by thermal bag or if we drink hot water, our body acts according to the Facts of Physics- increase of temperature  pressure will also increase,  expands blood vessels and skin, body sweats, motion will increase ,  inflammation will decrease , body pain will decrease, blood circulation will increase,  like cold substances etc..

During fever, why our body acts against Facts of Physics? When disease increases, pressure and temperature will decrease. Blood circulation will decrease due to decrease of pressure. If the essential temperature of the  body is going out, essential temperature and  pressure will further decrease. This will further endanger the life or action of organ.

When  disease  increase, it is the sensible and discreet action of brain  that tends to act against facts of physics  to sustain life or protect organ .There is no  way other than this for a sensible and discreet  brain to protect the  life or organ.

We will get a clear answer if we find out the purpose of fever,  sensible and discreet action of brain . No medical books clarify this. During fever, if the temperature of fever is not a surplus temperature or if it is not suppose to be eliminated from the body, the shrinking of skin and blood vessels, shivering of body, dislike towards cold substances etc are a protective covering of the body to increase blood circulation to important organs of the body it is against the facts of physics.